Older PowerPC and Motorola 68k architectures often use big-endian. In big-endian byte order, the most significant byte is stored at the lowest memory address, and the least significant byte is stored at the highest memory address. This is called little-endian byte ordering. Intel x86 processors store a two-byte integer with the least significant byte first, followed by the most significant byte. This difference is referred to as “byte ordering” or “endianness”. Microprocessor architectures commonly use two different methods to store individual bytes in memory. Subscribe to our weekly newsletter to get a Free System Design PDF (158 pages): Have you encountered any issues with these authentication mechanisms? How were they resolved? Two-factor authentication (2FA) adds an extra layer by requiring a second factor like a generated code. Proper credential storage and verification is critical for account security. Credentials - verify identity for system accessĬredentials like usernames/passwords, biometric data, security tokens, or passkeys allow individuals to prove their identity. This creates an encrypted channel that ensures privacy and security.Ĥ. Certificate Authorities sign certificates to prevent spoofing. The client uses this public key to encrypt communications and verify the server's identity. SSL/TLS certificates contain the public key to securely identify a server. SSL Certificates - ensure secure and encrypted communication between servers and clients The token allows limited, secure access without exposing passwords.ģ. The third-party app can then access only the authorized data without needing the user's login credentials.
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It works by issuing a token with specific permissions and duration. OAuth provides a standardized way for users to grant limited access to their data on one system to third-party apps. OAuth Tokens - provide limited access to user data on third-party apps This provides secure access without requiring passwords to be sent over the network.Ģ. When connecting, the private key digitally signs a request that the remote system verifies against the stored public key to authenticate the user. The private key is kept secret by the user, while the public key is shared with the remote system. SSH keys involve a public and private key pair.
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SSH Keys - cryptographic authentication for secure remote access